MODULE 01 // OVERVIEW

Strengthening Digital Capabilities of Women Human Rights Defenders and Female Journalists

Protecting yourself, your information, and your communities in the digital space

What's Digital Security

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Digital security refers to the practices, tools, and measures used to protect your digital identity, devices, accounts, data, and online activity from unauthorized access, theft, damage, or misuse.

Protecting Accounts & Devices

  • Account protection: Strong, unique passwords, two-factor authentication (2FA), and awareness of phishing attempts
  • Device security: Keeping software updated, using antivirus/anti-malware tools, locking devices with PINs or biometrics
  • Data protection: Encrypting sensitive files, backing up important data, controlling who can access it

Staying Safe Online

  • Network safety: Using secure (not public/open) Wi-Fi, VPNs when needed, and avoiding unsecured connections for sensitive activity
  • Privacy management: Controlling what personal information you share online and with which apps/platforms
  • Behavioral awareness: Recognizing scams, suspicious links, social engineering, and impersonation attempts

01 Training Objectives

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Participants Will Understand

  • Digital security and why it matters
  • Common threats facing journalists and women human rights defenders
  • How to protect devices, accounts, and sensitive information

Participants Will Be Able To

  • Communicate more safely with colleagues and sources
  • Respond appropriately to a digital incident
  • Create a simple personal digital security plan

02 What Digital Security Protects

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What Needs Protection

  • You and your online identity
  • Your physical and mobile devices
  • Your sensitive information and data
  • The sources and people you communicate with

What It Helps Prevent

  • Hacking and identity theft
  • Surveillance and data monitoring
  • Online harassment and cyberbullying
  • Accidental or malicious data loss

03 Why Digital Security Matters For Women

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Why Women May Be Targeted

  • Investigating corruption or reporting sensitive stories
  • Speaking against injustice or defending vulnerable communities
  • Challenging powerful individuals or authorities

Common Forms Of Harm

  • Cyberbullying and gender-based abuse
  • Doxxing and online impersonation
  • Phishing, account hacking, and persistent harassment

04 Common Digital Threats

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Phishing

Fake messages designed to steal passwords or credentials.

Malware

Harmful software that infects devices to extract data.

Password Attacks

Weak or reused passwords guessed by automated tools.

Fake Wi-Fi & Theft

Unsecured public networks or stolen hardware exposing files.

05 Your Digital Footprint

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Traces Left Online

  • Posts, public messages, and comments
  • Emails, uploaded photos, and location tags
  • Search histories and online tracking profiles

Critical Self-Assessment

Ask yourself: "Would I be comfortable if this information, photo, or conversation became public tomorrow?"

06 Strong Passwords

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Avoid Weak Passwords

  • Simple sequences: 123456 or qwerty
  • Names, birthdates, or easily guessed words
  • Reusing the exact same password across multiple platforms

Build Strong Passphrases

  • Use at least 16 characters with a mix of words
  • Include uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and symbols
Example: Tree!River84Moon#

07 Password Managers

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Why Use A Password Manager?

Remembering dozens of complex, unique passwords is impossible. A password manager encrypts and stores them safely in a single vault.

Examples & Benefits

  • Recommended Tools: Bitwarden, 1Password, KeePassXC
  • Automatically generates long, complex credentials
  • Eliminates dangerous password reuse across accounts

08 Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

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Password Alone Is Not Enough

Passwords can be leaked, phished, or guessed. MFA adds a required second layer before access is granted.

Extra Security Layers

  • Authenticator Apps: Aegis, Google/Microsoft Authenticator
  • Hardware Keys: YubiKey USB devices
  • Biometrics: Fingerprint or facial recognition

09 Secure Messaging

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Choose Tools Carefully

  • Signal: Gold standard for privacy and minimal metadata retention.
  • WhatsApp: Secure end-to-end encryption enabled by default.

Safer Communication Habits

  • Enable disappearing messages for confidential chats
  • Verify safety codes directly with trusted contacts
  • Lock messaging apps with a PIN or biometric screen lock

10 Email Security

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Check Before Opening

  • Inspect sender address carefully for domain tricks
  • Beware of unexpected attachments or urgency
  • Look out for poor spelling or generic greetings

When In Doubt: STOP

Never click suspicious links. Verify the message through a second, trusted channel (such as a quick call or Signal message) before taking action.

11 Social Engineering

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How It Works

Attackers exploit human psychology instead of hacking software directly. They gain trust to manipulate victims into handing over sensitive information.

Common Impersonations

  • Internal IT Support personnel requiring access
  • International donors offering emergency funding
  • News editors or government officials requesting files

12 Protecting Your Smartphone

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Core Mobile Safeguards

  • Enforce a strong screen lock PIN or biometric lock
  • Keep OS and installed applications updated
  • Install applications strictly from official app stores

Data Protection Protocols

  • Turn on "Find My Device" remote wiping capabilities
  • Maintain regular encrypted backups of device content
  • Review app permissions (location, mic, camera) regularly

13 Protecting Your Laptop

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System Updates

Keep your operating system and web browsers updated automatically.

Full Disk Encryption

Turn on BitLocker (Windows) or FileVault (macOS) to seal files.

Screen Locks

Lock your screen instantly whenever you step away from your desk.

USB Hygiene

Never plug in unknown or untrusted USB drives or accessories.

14 Safe Internet Browsing

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Avoid High-Risk Habits

  • Visiting unfamiliar or unverified websites
  • Using free public Wi-Fi without VPN protection
  • Downloading unexpected files or pop-up prompts

Mandatory Security Practice

  • Ensure sites use HTTPS (secure padlock icon)
  • Use a trusted VPN when connecting to public networks
  • Keep web browser software fully updated

15 Protecting Sensitive Information

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Sensitive Materials

Interview recordings, confidential case files, survivor data, photos, videos, and contact directories.

Encryption & Storage

Encrypt sensitive folders using tools like Cryptomator or VeraCrypt before storing or transferring.

Access Control

Limit file access exclusively to verified, authorized team members with a legitimate need to know.

16 Online Gender-Based Violence

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Abuse Patterns

  • Sexual harassment, targeted threats, and hate speech
  • Doxxing (releasing home addresses/private phone numbers)
  • Cyberstalking and fake impersonation accounts

Action Plan

  • Do not engage directly with persistent abusers
  • Document evidence (take full-screen screenshots with dates/URLs)
  • Report abuse to platform safety teams and trusted support networks

17 Managing Social Media Safely

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Regular Privacy Audits

  • Review profile privacy settings across all social networks
  • Prune friend/follower lists to trusted connections
  • Audit tagged photos and location sharing permissions

Never Post Publicly

  • Home addresses or physical work locations
  • Children's school locations or daily schedules
  • Real-time live location check-ins

18 Incident Response

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If An Account Is Compromised

  1. Stay calm and act methodically
  2. Change passwords immediately on connected accounts
  3. Log out active sessions across all remote devices
  4. Enable Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

Documentation & Support

  • Inform trusted organizational leads and IT security contacts
  • Preserve evidence (screenshots, headers, system logs)
  • Report the compromise to platform support teams

19 Data Backups

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The 3-2-1 Backup Strategy

Mitigate data loss caused by theft, physical damage, or ransomware infection.

  • 3 Copies: 1 primary original + 2 backup copies
  • 2 Media Types: e.g., local hard drive + secure cloud
  • 1 Offsite: 1 backup copy stored in a different location

Key Storage Channels

  • Encrypted external hard drives
  • Privacy-focused secure cloud platforms

20 Personal Digital Security Checklist

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Accounts & Devices

  • [ ] Passphrases created for all key accounts
  • [ ] MFA enabled across email, chat, and socials
  • [ ] Password manager vault established
  • [ ] Smartphone and laptop software updated

Information & Response

  • [ ] 3-2-1 backup process established
  • [ ] Encrypted messaging app configured
  • [ ] Social media privacy settings hardened
  • [ ] Emergency contact list created

21 Practical Exercise Guidance

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20–30 Minute Hands-On Activity

  • Password Check: Generate a 16-character passphrase
  • Enable MFA: Set up an authenticator app on 1 primary account

Review & Recognition

  • Privacy Review: Audit WhatsApp or Facebook privacy settings
  • Spot the Scam: Examine realistic exercise prompts to spot red flags

22 Group Discussion

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1. Threat Reflection

What digital threats or suspicious messages have you experienced?

2. Existing Habits

Which security tools or practices do you already use effectively?

3. Implementation Barriers

What technical or social barriers make staying secure difficult?

4. Solidarity

How can journalists and defenders support each other during incidents?

23 Key Takeaways

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Security Is A Habit

Digital security is an ongoing operational routine, not a one-time setup task.

Core Rules To Remember

  • Think before you click links or open attachments
  • Use strong, unique passphrases with MFA enabled
  • Keep software updated and back up sensitive data
  • Verify unverified requests through out-of-band channels

24 Exercise 1: Phishing Email

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Practice Message

SUBJECT: URGENT: Your Gmail Account Will Be Closed Today

Dear User, We noticed unusual activity. Account suspended within 24 hours unless you verify. Verify here: gmail-security-update-login.com

Warning Signs

  • Artificial urgency and threat of account closure
  • Generic greeting ("Dear User")
  • Fake website domain (not google.com)

25 Exercise 2: Fake WhatsApp Message

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Practice Message

Hello. I am from WhatsApp Support. Your account violated our policy. Verify account immediately: whatsapp-help-login.net otherwise account permanently disabled today.

Warning Signs

  • WhatsApp does not send verification links via chat messages
  • Suspicious third-party web domain
  • Creates panic and demands immediate action

26 Exercise 3: Fake NGO Grant Email

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Practice Message

SUBJECT: Congratulations! You Have Been Selected

You are selected for USD 15,000 emergency protection grant. Send national ID, passport photo, bank PIN, and card details within 1 hour.

Warning Signs

  • Unsolicited offer that seems too good to be true
  • Requests sensitive banking details and PIN numbers
  • Legitimate donors never request account PINs

27 Exercise 4: Fake Facebook Alert

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Practice Message

Someone has reported your Facebook account. Click below to avoid suspension: facebook-security-login.com. Log in using your password immediately.

Warning Signs

  • Fake non-Facebook web address
  • Attempts to steal login credentials directly
  • Official Facebook alerts appear in-app or at facebook.com

28 Exercise 5: Fake Editor Email

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Practice Message

SUBJECT: Story Assignment

Hi, We urgently need you to review today's investigation. Download attachment: Investigation_Report.zip

Warning Signs

  • Unexpected ZIP archive attachment containing executable malware
  • Vague, generic context with no specific editor signature
  • Unverified sender address

29 Exercise 6: Fake Source On WhatsApp

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Practice Message

Hello journalist. I have confidential evidence about government corruption. Download these photos: photos.exe

Warning Signs

  • An .exe file is an executable program, not an image file
  • Exploits curiosity surrounding a high-value story topic
  • Opening executable files installs spyware or malware

30 Exercise 7: Fake Mobile Money SMS

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Practice Message

Congratulations! You have won UGX 5,000,000 from MTN. Claim now. Call 0700XXXXXX. Send Mobile Money PIN for verification.

Warning Signs

  • Unexpected prize notification demanding PIN verification
  • Mobile Money providers never ask for PINs via phone calls or SMS

31 Exercise 8: Fake Bank Email

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Practice Message

SUBJECT: Your Bank Account Has Been Locked

Account locked due to suspicious transactions. Confirm ATM PIN, password, and CVV within 30 minutes at bank-secure-update.net

Warning Signs

  • Banks never ask for PINs, passwords, or CVV codes via email
  • Fake third-party website domain
  • Creates artificially short response deadlines

32 Exercise 9: Fake Microsoft Login

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Practice Message

SUBJECT: Microsoft Password Expired

Your Microsoft password expires today. Sign in below to renew: https://microsoft-login-security.xyz

Warning Signs

  • URL domain is .xyz rather than official microsoft.com
  • Classic credential-harvesting phishing link

33 Exercise 10: Fake Human Rights Org Email

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Practice Message

SUBJECT: Security Alert - Dear Defender

Verify account immediately. Send email password, WhatsApp code, and national ID. Failure leads to removal from future trainings.

Warning Signs

  • No legitimate organization asks for passwords or MFA codes
  • Uses fear and threat of exclusion to manipulate compliance

34 The STOP Rule

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S - STOP

Pause before you click links or open attachments. Check sender address authenticity.

T - THINK

Is the message trying to make you panic, rush, or act out of excitement or fear?

O - OFFICIAL

Verify web domains carefully. Confirm requests through a separate official channel.

P - PROTECT

Never share passwords, MFA codes, or sensitive PINs via email or messaging apps.